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Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on March 17, 2013 at 5:28pm

Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on February 13, 2013 at 5:16am

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Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on February 13, 2013 at 5:14am

Pattern recognition receptors
                            - these are cell surface proteins which recognize molecules or debris thereof from invaded
                               pathogens, e.g. fungi or bacteria, and trigger early immune responses against the pathogen
                            - an important pattern recognition receptor is the fMLP receptor located on the surface of
                               polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) which recognizes the bacterial tri-peptide fMLP
                               --> a typical degradation product of dead bacteria
                            - mammalian pattern recognition receptors also include the Toll-like receptors (TLR)
                                - toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on macrophages which use these surface proteins
                                   - together with the TLR-recruited protein TRAF3 - to orchestrate a fine-tuned response to
                                   different types of (mostly viral) infections
                                - activated macrophages respond to germs by triggering the production of cytokines, most
                                  prominently with the production of type I interferons
                                - TLRs are also found on the surface of monocytes, which respond with the secretion of 
                                   a chemical messenger called interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B), which tells the rest of the immune
                                   system and the body that an invader is present 
                             - the Toll-like receptors (TLR) are among the most important protein sensors of the innate
                               immune system
                             - following 10 human TLRs and their corresponding molecules (they recognize and bind) have
                                been identified by immunologists:
                                        1. TLR2                --> bacterial lipoteichoic acid
                                        2. TLR3                --> double-stranded RNA (associated with viral infections)
                                        3. TLR4                --> bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
                                        4. TLR5                --> bacterial flagellin protein
                                        5. TLR9                --> unmethylated CpG DNA motifs

Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on February 11, 2013 at 8:58am

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wg0rlertFwg

Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on February 10, 2013 at 9:36am

Blood cell neoplasms Buzz words

Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on February 10, 2013 at 9:35am

A 39-year old female of a Chinese descent presents to her family physician with malaise, fever, arm pain, loss of appetite, and blurred vision. Physical examination reveals diminished pulsation and low BP on the upper extremities; pulses and BP pressure on the lower extremities are within normal limits (WNL). Which of the following morphologic changes are most likely to be found within the affected arteries?

 

a)    Segmental necrotizing inflammation

b)    Necrotizing inflammation with thrombosis and abscess formation

c)    Necrotizing inflammation with eosinophilia

d)    Granulomatous inflammation and AFBs

e)    Granulomatous inflammation and treponemas

f)     Granulomatous inflammation

Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on February 7, 2013 at 10:57am

Rules of Thumb for Growth
______________________
Rules of Thumb for Growth

Weight
====
1. Weight loss in first few days: 5%-10% of birth weight
2. Return to birth weight: 7-10 days of age
Double birth weight: 4-5 mo
Triple birth weight: 1 yr
Quadruple birth weight: 2 yr
3. Average weights:
3.5 kg at birth
10 kg at 1 yr
20 kg at 5 yr
30 kg at 10 yr
4. Daily weight gain:
20-30 g for first 3-4 mo
15-20 g for rest of the first yr
5. Average annual weight gain: 5 lb between 2 yr and puberty (spurts and plateaus may occur)

Height
====
Average length: 20 inches at birth, 30 inches at 1 yr
At age 3 yr, the average child is 3 ft tall
At age 4 yr, the average child is 40 in tall (double birth length)
Average annual height increase: 2-3 inches between age 4 yr and puberty
Head Circumference (HC)
Average HC: 35 cm at birth (13.5 inches)
HC increases: 1 cm/mo for first yr (2 cm/mo for first 3 mo, then slower); 10 cm for rest of life

Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on January 27, 2013 at 11:56am

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Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on January 27, 2013 at 11:24am

Comment by Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash on January 27, 2013 at 11:22am

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